Background: This study addresses optimising fleet size in a system with a heterogeneous truck fleet, aiming to minimise transportation costs in interfacility material transfer operations. Methods: The material transfer process is modelled using a closed queueing network (CQN) that considers...

Last mile handover is the most problematic phase in the delivery process, while real-time communication and dynamic scheduling are major problem areas associated with attended last mile handovers. These problem areas need to be addressed holistically to facilitate efficient last mile handovers....