). The first part of this paper introduces different patent-policy instruments and reviews their effects on R&D and economic … empirical evidence on the effects of patent rights. Then, the second part considers the international aspects of IPR protection …. In summary, this survey draws the following conclusions from the literature. Firstly, different patent-policy instruments …

This study develops a Schumpeterian growth model to analyze the effects of different patent instruments on innovation …. We first analyze patent breadth that captures the traditional positive effect of patent rights on innovation. Then, we … proposed negative effect of patent rights on innovation. Finally, blocking patents generate a non-monotonic effect on …

of two patent instruments (a) the patentability of basic R&D and (b) the division of profi�t between basic and applied … negative effect or an inverted-U effect on technological progress. Nonetheless, a benevolent patent authority requires both … patent instruments to achieve the socially optimal allocation in the decentralized economy. …

debate on whether patent protection stimulates or stifles innovation. We analyze the effects of patent protection in the form … of blocking patents. We show that patent protection changes the direction of innovation by having asymmetric effects on …This study develops an R&D-based growth model with vertical and horizontal innovation to shed some light on the current …

on the current debate on whether patent protection stimulates or stifles innovation. Specifically, we analyze the growth … ladder. We show that patent protection has asymmetric effects on vertical innovation (i.e., quality improvement) and …This study develops an R&D-based growth model that features both vertical and horizontal innovation to shed some light …

the second scenario. Such conditions imply the existence of an inverse-U shaped relationship between innovation and …

A special characteristic of the patent system is that it features multiple patent-policy levers that can be employed by … policymakers. In this study, we develop a quality-ladder model to analyze the optimal mix of patent instruments. Specifically, we … consider (a) patent breadth and (b) the division of profit in research joint ventures. We analytically derive optimal patent …

structural relationship between patent length, R&D and consumption. Under parameter values that match the empirical flow …-profit depreciation rate of patents and other key features of the US economy, extending the patent length beyond 20 years leads to a … negligible increase in R&D despite equilibrium R&D underinvestment. In contrast, shortening the patent length leads to a …

of the developing and newly industrializing economies shows that national systems of innovation have evolved keeping in … two essential characteristics of national innovation system that connects the users and producers of knowledge and also … rights on the other. How these arrangements have affected the national system of innovation both in the developed and …