– particularly, privatization, liberalization and deregulation – was the establishment of a new business environment which permitted … exposure to liberalization strongly influenced firms’ approaches to internationalization. …

One consequence of the liberalization of certain services in the European Union was that a number of formerly inward …. However, the precise relationship between liberalization and incumbent internationalization is contested. This article tests … incumbents most exposed to domestic liberalization would internationalise most. The second asserts the opposite: incumbents …