intake. The paper employs bounds testing cointegration procedure and augmented causality tests. The empirical results suggest … the existence of cointegration amongst the variables. Augmented Granger causality tests indicate the existence of a long …

. Bounds testing approach to cointegration is employed to test the existence of long-run relationship amongst the variables …. Cointegration analysis yields the major contributors of crime are income and unemployment. The direction of causalities between the …