Nigeria's Benin region was a major rubber producer in 1960. In 1921, however, the government abandoned the industry as … a failure. I explain why rubber did not take hold before 1921. British conquest was motivated in part by the region …'s wild rubber resources. The government was unable to protect Benin's rubber forests from over-exploitation. Expatriate firms …

faced disputes with competing claimants and the state. I show that the introduction of Para rubber had similar effects in … assets that could be sold, let out, and used to raise credit. Disputes over rubber involved smallholders, communities of … rival users, would-be migrant planters, commercial plantations, and the colonial state, which feared rubber would make land …

Mercury has been one of the most persistent cases in contemporary history of international market regulations and this …

-2001 that accompanies "The Modern History of Exchange Rate Arrangements: A Reinterpretation." We develop a novel system of …

There are but a handful of systematic studies on the history of automated teller machines (ATMs) yet all fail to …

background material for "The Modern History of Exchange Rate Arrangements: A Reinterpretation" …