Public financial management by the government is very important in view of the level of welfare in Indonesia is still low, as there are still much poverty with the level of fulfillment of the needs of low, corruption that occurs in every area of government, income distribution is uneven, low...

The informal sector is one of the most problematical of the economical information system in general and on the labor market in particular. By its definition and nature, this sector is quantifiable with difficulty ; yet statiscally, some elements of information can be built on the informal...

Social security systems are often treated according to their epistemology. The bismarckian and beverdgian systems could be the origin of all social protection systems. The firs was created by Bismark at 1883 in Germany, it was based on the insurance principal. The beverigian system was...

The aim of this paper is to apply recently developed panel cointegration techniques proposed by Pedroni (1999, 2004) to evaluate the effectiveness of various regional trade agreements by examine the goods market integration between trading partners using purchasing power parity (PPP). The...

This appendix presents an extended explanation for our finding of mean reversion of the real exchange rate to a shifting mean using monthly data for Mexico, 1969-2010. Because such shifts coincide with trade liberalization in Mexico, we conclude that changes in the tradable/nontradable goods...

To an otherwise extensive literature with yet mixed findings on the long run Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) theory, this paper extends the evidence against the PPP hypothesis in three East Asian economies namely Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand based on quarterly data spanning forty years...

This paper presents an empirical test of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) applied to the Malaysia ringgit for the period from 1973 (CPI) and 1984 (WPI) to 1997. Consistent with other research findings, it is detected that real exchange rate follows a random walk. Using multivariate cointegration...