another division of the formal sector, which generates less pollution than the informal sector since the former uses a … in the formal sector may accentuate pollution, even if it involves transfer of EST. Secondly, there might exist a … positive relationship between pollution and national income in the economy both in the presence and absence of transfer of EST …

The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis asserts that pollution levels rises as a country develops, but reaches … a certain threshold where pollution begins to fall with increasing income. In EKC analysis, the relationship between … pollution level. The study seeks to examine the pattern and nature of EKC in Africa and major income groups according to World …

states an inverse U-relationship between pollution and income. The presented model specifically shows how a dynamic … environmental Kuznets curve can emerge by introducing pollution and abatement technology in a public spending model of endogenous … that taxes reduce the level of pollution by pulling down the environmental Kuznets curve. Lastly the numerical exercises …