During World War I (1914–1918) the birth rates of countries such as France, Germany, the U.K., Belgium and Italy … demographic impact of the War. Why did fertility decline so much? The conventional wisdom is that fertility fell below its optimal … level because of the absence of men gone to war. I challenge this view using the case of France. I construct and calibrate a …

than those born in other areas of Japan before World War II. This implies that experiencing an historically traumatic event …

World War I the more democratic countries spent more for military purposes than autocracies whereas the reverse is true …

‘Weapondollar-Petrodollar Coalition’ – but dismiss our ‘precise calibration of the oil/war nexus’ as ‘perfunctory.’ This dismissal …

threat of war by capitulating on its nuclear weapons ambitions. We find that it is always possible to generate such a threat … international community feels about a nuclear armed Iran relative to its own costs from a possible war. We do not claim that this …

The war in Iraq initiated in March 2003 triggered a wave of violence and turmoil in the country, exposing households to … the most affected. Using the different intensities of the conflict across areas and the age at exposure to the war among … cohorts, I analyze a possible causal effect of the war on nutritional outcomes of children. I use two empirical strategies …