decentralize and are actually becoming part of the trend which if not universal is nonetheless the dominant trend. General causes … include systemic forces like democratization and economic development; specifc causes however are different for different …

its causes, issues and implications on key macroeconomic variables. However, there is a consensus among the policy makers … the hidden economy with the determination of its potential causes and implications. Five statistical and structural …), multiple-indicators multiple-causes (MIMIC) approach, electricity consumption approach and labor market survey based approach …

During World War I (1914–1918) the birth rates of countries such as France, Germany, the U.K., Belgium and Italy … demographic impact of the War. Why did fertility decline so much? The conventional wisdom is that fertility fell below its optimal … level because of the absence of men gone to war. I challenge this view using the case of France. I construct and calibrate a …

than those born in other areas of Japan before World War II. This implies that experiencing an historically traumatic event …

World War I the more democratic countries spent more for military purposes than autocracies whereas the reverse is true …

‘Weapondollar-Petrodollar Coalition’ – but dismiss our ‘precise calibration of the oil/war nexus’ as ‘perfunctory.’ This dismissal …