There is considerable debate whether the domestic political institutions (specifically, the country’s level of democracy) of the host developing country toward foreign investors are effective in establishing the credibility of commitments are still underway, researchers have also analyzed the...

The topicality of the study “The concept of a customs debt” is useful to the substantiation of customs policy as a component of commercial community policy and of domestic fiscal policy, so that the customs tax should provide the three functions: fiscal, protectionist and negotiation. The...

The Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) is a method for multi – criteria decision making. It consists principally of three levels – Main Goal, Criteria and Alternatives. The Main Goal level can be extended into forces and actors influencing the decision making process, the Criteria level can be...

The purpose of this note is to provide guidance to Bank staff on the sources of evidence available to inform the assessment of the governance rating and thereby reduce the scope for subjectivity of the annual CPA exercise. It is designed in particular for Country Economists responsible for the...

In sum, in these essays I explore the self-similarity between levels, the fractal structure of reality, through an investigation of an inherent and unavoidable uncertainty which is unique to each level. These essays will demonstrate that as each level struggles to resolve its own inherent...

The paper verifies the Azzimonti et al. (2014) conclusions on a sample of 53 African countries for the period 1996-2008. Authors of the underlying study have established theoretical underpinnings for a negative nexus between rising public debt and inequality in OECD nations. We assess the...

The new conflicts of the twenty-first century – the 'infinite wars,' the 'clashes of civilization,' the 'new crusades' – are fundamentally different from the mass wars and statist military conflicts that characterized capitalism from the nineteenth century until the end of the Cold War. The...

Since its first imposition in France, the value added taxation has become so popular that except USA there is no other country left that does not have VAT in use. Pakistan has fulfilled its international obligation to replace its sales tax with VAT by the year 2010. This paper examines the...

While tourism has been praised by a variety of international organizations as a means to promote the local economy in developing countries, tourism led growth has never been seen to be supported by a developing countries’ intellectual property regimes. Intellectual property rights,...

For decades, the OECD constituted an economic and political "club" of Western countries focused around the transatlantic axis. Today, it faces unprecedented challenges as the world economy shifts to the East and the South. In response, the OECD is undergoing meaningful reform: it is becoming...