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The traditional and almost universal method of expressing real wages is by index numbers, according to the formula: RWI = NWI/CPI: i.e., the real wage is the quotient of the nominal (money) wage index divided by the consumer price index, all employing a common base period (here: 1451-75 = 100)....
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10005616988
This work investigates the role and contribution of external auditing as practised in the Malaysian society during the forty year period from independence in 1957 to just before the onset of the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997. It applies the political economic theory introduced by Tinker (1980)...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10008805862
There are different types of audit, such as financial audit, regulatory audit, operational audit of performances, audit of information systems, environmental audit and others. But basically, we distinguish two types of audit which will be the main focus of attention in this work. External audit,...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10011112074
Objective. The aim of this article is to show that the audits aren't perfect substitute but additional of management control. Study design. We make out from a literature review and well-known cases some propositions and we search to give credit to our principal proposition with one exploratory...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10005836630
This paper attempts to present a viable approach for the design of an instrument of government finance (and monetary management) in an Islamic economy where conventional transactions based on an ex-ante promise of a risk-free rate of return are forbidden. Resources to finance government...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10011110783
multilingual graduate supply, CEE is likely to utilise more value added and quality-driven services. Trade statistics support the … NMS analysed in detail in the paper. The service export data adopted from the Balance of Payments statistics gives a good …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10008805443
then examine citations to Estimating nonresponse bias in mail surveys, one of the most frequently cited papers from the … survey research fail to cite this paper and, presumably, make inadequate adjustments for nonresponse bias. Furthermore, even …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10005790171
This paper examines the relative reliability of alternative measures of employment around business cycle turning points, with particular focus on the behavior of the series at the critical business cycle phase of early expansion phase following a recession. Historical evidence shows that the...
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10008592962
Search Index (GISI) is assessed relative to 37 other indicators of inflation expectations – 36 survey measures and the TIPS … spread. For decades, the academic literature has focused on three measures of inflation expectations: the Livingston Survey …, Survey of Professional Forecasters, and the Michigan Survey. While useful in developing models of forecasting inflation …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10009647210
This study sheds new light on the question of whether or not sentiment surveys, and the expectations derived from them … macroeconomic and financial data. I examine 16 sentiment surveys of distinct respondent universes and employ the technique of … principal components analysis to extract the common signals from the surveys. I show that the ability of different population …
Persistent link: https://www.econbiz.de/10009647230