SUMMARY: This note reviews consumers’ preference orderings in economics and shows that irrationality is a poor explanation for apparent violations of some axioms of order. Apparent violations seem to be better explained by the fact that consumers’ utility functions, if they exist at all,...

We show that the main results of the expected utility and dual utility theories can be derived in a unified way from two fundamental mathematical ideas: the separation principle of convex analysis, and integral representations of continuous linear functionals from functional analysis. Our...

This paper attempts to explore the nature of the goods in a Two Commodity world. The analysis suggests that the only possibility that the two goods have same income elasticity is the case when both goods have unit income elasticities. Moreover, if both the goods have equal income elasticities,...