I test Bates' view that trade across ecological divides promoted the development of states in pre-colonial Africa. My … narrative evidence to show the results are not due to conquest of trading regions. I also test mechanisms by which trade may … have caused states, and find that trade supported class stratification between rulers and ruled. …

remains the key driver of India’s GDP growth. Our analysis establishes that though India’s trade sector dwindled and …

This paper examines the India’s trade flows using a gravity model for the period 1998-2012. We selected the following … major trade partners: China PRP, United Arab Emirates, United States, Saudi Arab, Switzerland, Singapore, Germany, Hong Kong …, Indonesia, Iraq, Japan, Belgium, Kuwait, Korea RP, Nigeria, Australia, United Kingdom, Iran, South Africa, and Qatar. In this …

congruence and trade intensity. The paper illustrates the role of enabling behind-the-border factors for effective absorption and …

In this paper, all technology transfers are embodied in trade flows within a three-region, one-traded-commodity version … congruence of the source and destination. Together with trade volume, these two factors determine the recipient’s spillover … economies and shifts in their terms of trade loom large in the general equilibrium adjustment. …

We build up a simple Ricardian trade model with imperfection in the market for credit which affects the pattern of … good. We argue that in such a framework identical countries will gain from trade without the assumption of comparative …

the liberty of choice and exchange in the international trade. In order to adapt to the new globalization context, the …

, capital, and trade openness in Australia. We also apply the vector error correction model (VECM) to understand the short run … causality between energy consumption and economic growth; financial development and energy consumption; trade openness and … economic growth; economic growth and financial development; energy consumption and trade openness; and financial development …

Efforts to promote regional integration in North Africa to date have often been constrained by political differences as … frameworks. Overlapping preferential trade agreements also emerged as a constraint to regional integration efforts on the back of … Arab Spring, the emerging political landscape in North Africa promises to give new impetus to regional integration efforts …