This paper is among the first to theoretically examine the relevance of price competition in the protection market by focusing on the competition between empires. By distinguishing absolute and differential protection rents, we first define coercive rivalry and price competition among empires...

This study investigates the causality relationship between defence expenditures and Non Oil economic growth in Saudi Arabia over the period 1970-2012. Using Unit root tests, Johansen’s co-integration test and Granger Causality test. In this paper we found the existence of bi-directional...

The aim of this paper is to examine different shocks to Israel’s business cycle from 1960 to 2007 in terms of the relationship between military expenditures and inequality, Gini coefficient. We begin with the assumption that there is a direct effect of higher military expenditures on income...

Colombia is a middle-income country but with a human development constantly threatened by insecurity. This paper analyzes the developmental impact of Offset Agreements (linked to international defence-industry cooperation) implemented by EADS-CASA in Colombia. Compare Malaysia, the Colombian...

In the present essay we analyse for the first time as far as we know the development of democracy, which emerged in Greece during the classical period, into the proto-federations of the democratic city-states. We examine their political institutions and policies, like common defense and external...

While economic historians have stressed the importance of price competition in the protection market, theorists of conflictual activity have argued against the extrapolation of this form of competition in the protection market and favored competition through the quantity of conflictual effort....

Blainey (1988) argued that crises are more likely to end in war when two nations disagree about their relative power. Fey and Ramsay (2007) claim that this widely used “mutual optimism” explanation is theoretically incoherent. Their criticism neglects the need to specify a behavioral causal...

This paper aims to examine the adequacy of the Brazilian budget expenditures in the national defense function to the national needs of this public good provision. The lack of indicators allowing to measuring the effectiveness of spending in terms of the National Defense Policy is remarked. For...

As a result of climatic conditions such as dry climate, limited arable land and scarce water resources,the Arab region is import dependent for most food commodities. There is a continuously rising discrepancy between food production and food consumption.This makes the region more and more...

This paper looks into the Greek – Turkish arms race a decade after an earlier contribution on the issue that relied heavily on Artificial Neural Networks. The time period between the two papers contributes to the reliability of the results derived, not just by increasing the number of...