Basic causality is that a cause is present or absent and that the effect follows with a success or not. This happy … Confounding and values {S, -S}, {C, -C}, {F, -F}. Assuming the truth we can find the impact of the cause from when the confounder … conditional independence. The paper gives a taxonomy of issues of confounding, a parameterization by risk or safety, and develops …

Success, Cause and Confounder) and the use of variables by NCR (notably the variables Effect, Truth and Confounding). (3 …

countries from a panel data set over period 1980 to 2007. After having controlled industrial heterogeneity, the results are …

analysis further suggests a unidirectional causality running from money to prices and thus supporting the monetarists’s claim … generally report bidirectionl causality between prices and money. …

used. Ng-Perron unit root tests show that all variables are integrated of order 1. Toda-Yamamoto tests of Granger causality … show that there is no causality flowing from either direction between GDP and government expenditure. Autoregressive …

government expenditure using Granger causality test through cointegrated vector autoregression (VAR) methods for the period the … period 1977 to 2007. The paper tests whether government revenue causes government expenditure or whether the causality runs … from government expenditure to government revenue, and if there is bi-directional causality. The results show that there is …

Applied econometric work takes a superficial approach to causality. Understanding economic affairs, making good policy … dominant approaches to causality in econometrics, and suggest why they fail to give good results. We feel the problem cannot be …