This study of the Italian wool-based textile industries (woollens, worsteds, and serges) seeks to examine its rise … in Italy: principally Tuscany and Lombardy. In so far as warfare and rising transaction costs limited the importation of … sphere, in terms of both traditional heavy weight woollens (made from Spanish wools) and the lighter, coarser, and cheaper …

-makers, to very high-priced luxury woollens; (3) that rural locations were not always more advantageous, in lower labour and …

This article seeks to explain why Spanish merino wools arrived so late in the Low Countries, only from the 1420s, why … wools allowed at least some of them to escape the current crisis afflicting the traditional ‘old draperies’, and indeed to … sixteenth centuries. Although the merino have been by far the world’s finest wools, since at least the seventeenth century …

woollens, woven almost exclusively from the finer English wools, but wools that came to be burdened with high export taxes; and … challenge from expanding English competition in textiles, which enjoyed the signal advantage of control over high quality wools …, both cheap worsted and luxury woollens, in terms of 15 tables: (1) English wool and broadcloth exports, 1281-1550; (2 …

, via new transcontinental trading routes from Venice through Germany to the Brabant Fairs, based on a tripod of English … woollens, South German metals, and Portuguese spices. (b) at the same time, it promoted a great expansion in Venetian trade … the far larger Ottoman Empire benefited from a very new trade: the exports of fine quality Venetian woollens. This paper …

the most costly and luxurious of all medieval woollens: the scarlets, dyed in the extremely costly brilliant red dye … scarlet, or mixed colours (in medley and striped woollens) to much darker, blue-based colours, ending up with overwhelmingly … woollens purchased for these civic leaders, from 1471 to 1550, were black, uniformly dark black. In the first half of the …

. During this war-torn, plague-disrupted period of economic contraction, up to the 1450s, the costs of shipping luxury woollens … give up the export of the very cheap, light textiles and focus instead on luxury woollens that could better ‘bear the … from the Antwerp Fairs to Venice was only about 20% of the distance by the often hazardous sea routes. The principal …