We investigate the level and volatility effects of real exchange rates on the productivity growth of manufacturing … volatility affects productivity growth negatively, having access to foreign or domestic equity, or debt markets does not … than the rest. We detect, however, that rm productivity is positively related to having access to external credit …

levels. These findings continue to hold after controlling for firm heterogeneity due to differences in export orientation …, external indebtedness, profitability, productivity, size, industrial characteristics, and time-variant institutional changes. …

directly via the effect of productivity, one possible explanation is that PER Capita GDP is not good explanation for … productivity (.i.e. Labor productivity) differences; an increase (decrease) in relative efficiency of the distribution sector with … achieved. Model implies German Labor productivity to UK Labor productivity ratio doesn’t have significant influence on …

Using annual data (1970-2004), this study re-examined the hypothesis that exchange rate volatility may dampen export … economic integration in promoting export is also of concern to this study. The empirical evidence demonstrates that despite the …