, the unidirectional causality from defense spending to economic growth exists in case of Portugal. Therefore, defence …In this paper, we investigate the causal relationship between defence spending and economic growth in Portugal during … spending can play an important role in economic development of Portugal. …

perform to have more consistent results. In this paper, the cointegration and causal relationships have re-examined between …

in techniques. We find that the results of the cointegration tests could be affected by the structural break(s) in the … an ultimate conclusion on the cointegration and causal direction between energy and output. When alternative frameworks …

income, for grants on production, and for public investments). We found a cointegration relationship for three out of five … items. Moreover, Granger causality tests results show evidence in favour of Wagner’s law only for spending for passive …

capital, and economic growth in Malaysia over the period of 1970 to 2009. Johansen cointegration test suggests that PDI, the … user cost of capital, and economic growth are cointegrated in Malaysia. Granger causality test reveals that there is a uni …-directional causality running from PDI to economic growth and also from PDI to the user cost of capital in the long run. Moreover, there is …

applying ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration for long run and error correction method for short span of time …. Empirical evidence suggests a stable cointegration relationship between defence spending and economic growth. An increase in … economic growth. Interest rate is inversely associated with economic growth. Finally, unidirectional causality running from …

2013 are used in the analysis. The results from this study show that there exists a unidirectional long-run causality …

the direction of causality between the three variables, based on the more robust Toda-Yamamoto modified Wald (MWALD) test …

growth and tax revenue. The result indicated a unidirectional causality between tax revenue and economic growth and it flows …

2013 are used in the analysis. The results from this study show that there exists a unidirectional long-run causality …