in techniques. We find that the results of the cointegration tests could be affected by the structural break(s) in the … an ultimate conclusion on the cointegration and causal direction between energy and output. When alternative frameworks …

. Stationarity tests reveal that both series are non-stationary, or I(1). Moreover, we found a cointegration relationship between the … two variables. The short-run dynamics of the variables show that the flow of causality runs from energy use to GDP, and …

We bridge together the graph-theoretic and the econometric approach for defining causality in statistical models to …

Tests results for causality between energy consumption and economic growth do not have a consensus in the financial … wavelet analysis as a semi- parametric model for detecting multi-scale causality between electricity consumption and growth in …

perform to have more consistent results. In this paper, the cointegration and causal relationships have re-examined between …

income, for grants on production, and for public investments). We found a cointegration relationship for three out of five … items. Moreover, Granger causality tests results show evidence in favour of Wagner’s law only for spending for passive …

capital, and economic growth in Malaysia over the period of 1970 to 2009. Johansen cointegration test suggests that PDI, the … user cost of capital, and economic growth are cointegrated in Malaysia. Granger causality test reveals that there is a uni …-directional causality running from PDI to economic growth and also from PDI to the user cost of capital in the long run. Moreover, there is …

applying ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration for long run and error correction method for short span of time …. Empirical evidence suggests a stable cointegration relationship between defence spending and economic growth. An increase in … economic growth. Interest rate is inversely associated with economic growth. Finally, unidirectional causality running from …

, the unidirectional causality from defense spending to economic growth exists in case of Portugal. Therefore, defence …

2013 are used in the analysis. The results from this study show that there exists a unidirectional long-run causality …