The countercyclical trade balance ratio is one of the key stylized facts for open economies. The magnitude differs from country to country. Specifically, the trade balance ratio is more negatively correlated with output in emerging economies than in developed economies, suggesting that the trade...

The model of equilibrium exchange rate combining purchasing power parity (PPP) and uncovered interest parity (UIP) is widely tested using the cointegration approach. Most of the recent studies, however, are deficient in the treatment of expectations and the power of tests. This paper aims at...

Consumption is more volatile than output in developing countries while it is less volatile than output in developed economies. This paper shows that the relatively large home sector in developing economies contributes to this difference, and the driving force for this difference is technology....