to 1993, using cointegration techniques and the direction of causality relationship in the long and short runs between … the variables through integrating the Error Correction Model (ECM) into the traditional Granger causality test. A Granger … non-causality test (due to Toda and Yamamoto) is also performed. Unit root tests have been applied in order to investigate …

possibility of the absence of Fiscal illusion in every two years of increased government expenditure. Granger causality test is … gives a unidirectional causality running from revenue to expenditure. This implies government revenue causes government …

Portugal. Furthermore, Granger causality tests results show a short-run evidence of a directional flow from expenditure to …

income, for grants on production, and for public investments). We found a cointegration relationship for three out of five … items. Moreover, Granger causality tests results show evidence in favour of Wagner’s law only for spending for passive …

a period 1995-2011. We have applied Johansen cointegration test and the error correction model on adjusted annual data …

government expenditure using Granger causality test through cointegrated vector autoregression (VAR) methods for the period the … period 1977 to 2007. The paper tests whether government revenue causes government expenditure or whether the causality runs … from government expenditure to government revenue, and if there is bi-directional causality. The results show that there is …

Malaysia over four decades is used as a case study. Empirical result obtained from the Johansen-Juselius (1990) cointegration …. However, the findings from the Granger non-causality test by Toda-Yamamoto (1995) support the Summer’s (1988) reverse … causation proposition. This implies that a unidirectional causality running from current account to budgetary variable where the …