The relation between religion, economy and the country became a major topic in the development of public welfare systems. Humans are political creatures that have the potential to realise the level of moral conscience to meet the needs of a better life, but humans as spiritual beings must have a...

Agriculture is the engine of Guinea-Bissau’s economy. The sector relies mainly on cashew nuts, rice, and the subsistence production of food crops. Cashews represent 90 percent of the country’s exports and the principal source of income in rural areas. Unfortunately, cumbersome administrative...

Exchange rate management has become a hot topic in academic circles examining the merits of fixed versus floating regimes. The 1997-98 Asian crisis has refocused attention on the exchange rate management of East Asian countries. Most views expressed are critical of the pre-crisis US dollar peg...

Since the EU accession, Romania’s agrifood trade increased significantly, in both volume and value terms. Although the old free trade agreements, that have been in force for the last 15 years, were discontinued when it joined the Single Market, Romania continued its trade relations with its...

The Gabonese economy is poorly diversified and highly dependent on crude petroleum’s international price, and therefore on the fluctuations in the exchange rate (REER). This study aims to determine the effect of real exchange rate on the trade balance of Gabon. The data are from World Bank...

This article examined the exchange rate movements and their impact on the external balances in the 1990s in the selected ASEAN countries. The main findings are as follows. The real effective exchange rate (REER) - the relative prices against the world competitors - shows a trend of appreciation...

In this paper, the determinants of the Turkish trade balance are tried to be analyzed in an empirical modelling approach. For this purpose, the contemporaneous ARDL-based bounds testing has been used to examine the existence of a long run co-integration relationship between the variables of our...

This paper examines the contemporary international trade and currency system to determine whether the system is appropriate for the level of knowledge, development and maturity of countries today. International trade and currencies are a key mechanism by which governments manage the livelihoods,...

Sovereign default is often associated with disturbances in a country’s trade relations. Often the defaulter’s currency depreciates while trade volume falls drastically. This paper develops a model to incorporate real depreciation along with sovereign bankruptcy. The exchange rate is...

The present study attempts to analyze the long-run equilibrium relationship between real exchange rate and trade balance, imports and exports demand by cointegration tests assuming asymmetric adjustment. Following Enders and Siklos (2001), the Engle-Granger two-step cointegration test is...