economies. Indeed, in the Euro-area, what started as a financial crisis escalated to a twin crisis after being doubled by the … strategies at the Euro-area level, the vicious circle between banks and European nation-states, the threats for the … union for the Euro-area member states. The structure of the banking union, the various aspects of its operation, and its …

The paper evaluates the present and future international currency status of the US dollar, the euro and the yen. In … integration of European financial markets emphasizing the enormous structural changes that came about since the euro has been …

Dollar/Euro exchange rate from the inception of the Euro in 1999 to the end of 2007. The major result of the paper is that … coefficients on inflation and the real economic activity measure are constrained to be the same for the U.S. and the Euro Area and …

, because of speculation moves in and out of the U.S. Dollar and the Euro depending on their return, increasing volatility. U … influence in this most important policy arena. It will focus on the U.S. Dollar decline as the Reserve Currency, on the Euro …