. Despite this ambitious reform programme, there are signs that regulation is not always working. The Commission itself has … intended that new regulation will be implemented to improve this situation. As part of efforts to make these markets perform … better, policy-makers are turning their attention to better understanding the consumer. Previously, regulation was usually …

across populations, and that specifically targeted “bottom-up” regulation from the demand-side could usefully address these …

Environmental regulation can be broadly divided into those that follow the top-down and bottom-up approaches. The two … each approach differ. The present study will explore the implication of environmental regulation to sustainability, costs …

to the implementation of different regulatory mechanisms (cost plus vs. incentive regulation) and also to firm ownership … subject to incentive regulation smooth their dividends less than firms subject to cost plus regulation but also present higher … target payout ratios; thus suggesting that incentive regulation leads firms to a dividend policy more responsive to earnings …

practice to evaluate projects at constant prices. With an example presented in the training on economic regulation of public …