three economic areas: USA, Japan and Europe and we select their environmental and dirty patents from European Patent Office …

This paper investigates whether patent subsidy programs aimed at promoting regional innovations have aroused a large … number of low-quality applications in China and created biased patent statistics as an indicator for innovations. We found … that patent filing fee subsidies encouraged filing of low-quality patent, resulting in a decreased grant rate. Though …

put further pressure on the market model in Italy and lead to more control from above. …

) Intellectual property rights and patent law; 4) The institutional settings in the regulation of health care systems and, moreover …, the European Patent Office, IMS Health and PHID (PHarmaceutical Industry Database) at the University of Siena. …

patent publications related to the innovation. Our estimate of the lower bound on the market valuation of iPhone is fairly … the publication of patent documents concerning iPhone can be observed. The evidence suggests that the value of iPhone …

firms and an R& D subsidy for an upstream innovator in clean technologies. We find that (i) a higher emission tax may … implementation of an emission tax that is smaller than an ex-ante Pigouvian rate and a subsidy that is equal to the rate of emission … considered: Cournot competition in the polluting industry, a subsidy to polluters who adopt the new technology, and technology …

optimal search. In conventional models of patent design, only one brand - the brand with the highest quality - is available on …

more patents and patent citations, and achieve greater innovative success for given research and development (R …