The problems which are inherent in designing sophisticated systems that are actually used by the intended user, for the originally‐intended purpose, and at approximately the intended level of effectiveness and efficiency have become vividly clear throughout society in the last decade. Millions...

In recent years, a great deal of attention has been paid to processes through which more useful management information systems (MIS's) might be developed. This attention is due to the widespread realisations, which developed in the second and third decades of the computer era, that many...