Purpose: This study investigates the effect of psychic distance (PD) on outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) by multinational firms originating in emerging economies and the moderating effect of firm heterogeneity on this relationship. Design/methodology/approach: An empirical analysis...

Firms in developed nations have practised supply chain management (SCM) for decades, but we ask here if they will be able to progress well under the modern regime of harder and faster e‐just‐in‐time systems. We assume these to be concentrated mainly in Europe and the USA, but with origins...