The formulation of a strategy for an organization begins with identifying the opportunities and risks in the environment. A full and permanent search--or scanning--of all environmental forces is both too costly and intractable in terms of management time. Our findings indicate that managers do...

State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) have become important instruments of social and economic policy in industrialized mixed economies and in developing countries. The use of SOEs as instruments of public policy and the resulting clashes between these enterprises and private firms on the one hand and...

In management science, as in all of science, a fundamental issue is the generalizability of what we know. It is a never-ending quest to discover and create knowledge and rules which are universal. Yet, frequently what we hold to be universal is quite specific when examined with scientific...