Three experiments are reported relating types of planning activities to performance and attitudes. In general, the findings are consistent with earlier studies showing strong, positive relationship between participation in planning on the one hand and morale and productivity on the other. In all...

A non-computer business game is described which can be used to test hypotheses about the effects of different organizational structures on material and social psychological outcomes. The competitive game requires firms of about 15 men each to compete in a common market. But, only one-third of...