Transaction cost is considered as an explanatory variable for the choice between markets and various organizational arrangements for performing some predefined tasks, such as engaging in private R&D. With respect to R&D cooperation between firms, we show that the perception of high transaction...

In a recent contribution, Mansfield (Mansfield, Edwin. 1987. Price indexes for R and D inputs, 1969--1983. Management Sci. 33(January) 124--129.) published a R&D deflator for American industrial R&D expenditures. A similar deflator is presented here for German industrial R&D expenditures. It is...

Data-sharing is suggested or required in various registration procedures to avoid parallel testing of possibly dangerous substances. The question arises what the optimal compensation of an imitator to the innovator would be under such conditions. In a first arbitration award a scheme to...