The possibility of measuring does not necessarily lead to the presentation of relevant information for decision-making in business. This is demonstrated by reference to accounting methods and to profit computation in particular. Accounting processes have become formalized to the point where they...

The growing literature of decision-making focusses attention on the selection of an optimal course from a series of hypothetical courses. Discovery of the position from which future action is to be taken has received rather less attention. Information systems are considered as means of...