The rate at which vessels are loaded and unloaded has a bearing on turnaround time and therefore on the required size of the fleet. This paper shows that the loading rate also has a bearing on schedule reliability. When schedules are unstable vessel bunching can occur, leading to less frequent...

Despite the growing amount of research into container-port security regulations, no attempt has been made to-date to empirically investigate the ex-post impacts of security regulations on the operational efficiency of seaports and terminals. This article attempts to empirically assess and...

Following a description of ISPS and non-ISPS security initiatives, the main risk factors and security threats to ports are identified and analysed, with a focus on the risks stemming from non-tangible assets, flows and processes. Similarly, the various economic approaches to risk management and...