This paper examines the effect of the financial crisis on off-farm employment of China's rural labor force. Using a … 2009 the reduction in off-farm employment as a result of the crises was 6.8 percent of the rural labor force. Monthly … of them were re-hired in off-farm work by April 2009. By August 2009, less than 2 percent of the rural labor force was …

Slavery has been a major institution of labor coercion throughout history. Colonial societies used slavery intensively … major source of demand for slave labor during colonial times, and all colonial gold mines are now depleted. We find that the …