not patents affect the direction of research but that scientists’ understanding of patent law; their recent experience …

successful negotiations involving a granted patent with those involving a pending patent. Similarly, we identify the disclosure … effect by comparing the probability of successful negotiations involving a pending patent with those involving no patent. We … patent instead of a pending patent are 10 per cent more likely to be successfully completed (compared with an average …

reference such as the European Patent Office (EPO). Yet, not all organizations file their patents at the EPO, raising the …