We discuss the measurement of environmental performance (EP) in quantitative empirical research. Initially, we review and classify existing EP measures. Based on that, we analyze their validity and reliability. To provide a clear conceptualization of EP, we mainly refer to the framework of Wood...

Value based performance measures are intended to capture increases in shareholder wealth. At the same time they have to measure the realization of the returns initially planned for. To provide incentives for management to act in the interest of owners, bonus payments are often based on these...

The correct definition and calculation of the free cash flows plays a crucial role in the process of valuing companies. The two main components of a valuation model, free cash flow and the costs of capital, need to be determined simultaneously. The different approaches to valuation are different...

This paper studies the role of the accrual process for providing value relevant information on intangibles. Expensing research & development (R&D) expenditures is, by nature, equivalent to cash accounting. Prior studies have found that accrual information has superior explanatory power for...