</titre> Fair trade is increasing in developing countries with in the same time some movements of local certification. We analyse this double movement. We underline the existence of three concomitant reasons : a reaction to the hegemony exerted by FLO on fair trade standards, the need to create new...

</titre> Basing our study on a gravity model using panel data, we estimate the effects on exports of the progress achieved by a country as regards CO2 emissions in relation to its partners. The model includes dummy variables corresponding to the internal and external trade flows of regional groups. The...