</titre> <alinea/> Big crisis are breakdown of historical path and paradigm. Today?s global debate is largely dominated by the global crisis and the change of development paradigm with the return of Keynes and to import substitution or state interventions models in the South. The developing countries are deeply...

</titre> Risk taking is at the heart of the economic action of paris on the future of innovation and the creative freedom of the actors. The question of political economy is that of the implementation of ethical principles of risk and responsibility into practical actions differentiated actors and...

</titre> In the early 1970s, we participated in the debates on the informal sector initiated by Hart for Ghana (1971) and the ILO report concerning Kenya (1972) and we conducted several field surveys in Africa. In this paper, we first recall the founding debates, concerning petty commodity production....

A.O. Hirschman and F. Perroux are some founders of development economics. Proximities are strong between these two main economists. They construct a specific corpus which differes from neoclassical, keynesian and marxist schools in terms of unbalanced sequences or stakeholder's power. On the...