Independent central banking is reviewed as it emerged first under the gold standard and later with inconvertible paper money. Monetary and credit policy are compared and contrasted as practiced by the 19th century Bank of England and the Federal Reserve. The lesson is that wide operational and...

The paper identifies and evaluates consequences for monetary policy of five features of East Asian development: export orientation, integrated regional trade, bank-dependent finance, the potential for persistent trade surpluses, and the aggressive accumulation of international reserves. The case...

Quantitative monetary policy at the zero interest bound should be understood as a gbond market carry trade.h Net interest earnings on the front end of the monetary carry trade should be retained- to guard against the central bank having to create reserves (or borrow) to pay interest on reserves...