controlling for parental education; (ii) instrumenting for the parents having a MSc-degree using distance to nearest university … reveals a large causal effect of parental education on offspring probability of inventing; and (iii) the causal effect of … parental education has been markedly weakened by the introduction in the early 1970s of a comprehensive schooling reform …

paper, we address this question by investigating how innovation responses to a substantial policy initiative increasing … product market competition interact with the strength of patent rights. We provide empirical evidence of innovation responding … with step-by-step innovation models predicting that product market competition enhances innovation and, more importantly …