This research explores the effect of industrialization on the process of development. In contrast to conventional … steam engines across French departments during the early phases of industrialization, the research establishes that … intensive industrialization in the middle of the 19th century increased income per capita in the subsequent decades but …

technology of industrialization was adapted to these factor prices and is not profitable in low-wage economies. The cross-over to …

Slavery has been a major institution of labor coercion throughout history. Colonial societies used slavery intensively … across the Americas, and slavery remained prevalent in most countries after independence from the European powers. We … investigate the impact of slavery on long-run development in Colombia. Our identification strategy compares municipalities that …