During the Age of Mass Migration (1850-1913), the US maintained an open border, absorbing 30 million European … negatively-selected return migrants. We show that assimilation patterns vary substantially across sending countries and persist …

Migration (1850-1913). Return migrants were somewhat negatively selected from the migrant pool: Norwegian immigrants who …We compile large datasets from Norwegian and US historical censuses to study return migration during the Age of Mass … moving to the US. Upon returning to Norway, return migrants held higher-paid occupations than Norwegians who never moved …

United States maintained open borders. Using a novel dataset of Norway-to-US migrants, we estimate the return to migration …The Age of Mass Migration (1850-1913) was among the largest migration episodes in history. During this period, the … while accounting for migrant selection across households by comparing migrants with their brothers who stayed in Norway. We …

Using two million census records, we document cultural assimilation during the Age of Mass Migration, a formative … unemployment, earned less and were more likely to marry foreign-born spouses …

, assimilation of immigrants into US economy and society, and the effect of immigration on the labor market …