combine data on employment and earnings in two-digit manufacturing industries for U.S. border cities with data on employment …

measures of self-employment and 1099 workers from administrative tax data. We also present evidence from Amazon Mechanical Turk …

Even before the Great Recession, U.S. employment growth was unimpressive. Between 2000 and 2007, the economy gave back … the considerable gains in employment rates it had achieved during the 1990s, with major contractions in manufacturing … employment being a prime contributor to the slump. The U.S. employment "sag" of the 2000s is widely recognized but poorly …