conclusion has implications for the study of institutions, economics, and religion throughout history and in the developing world …When the mortality rate is high, repeated interaction alone may not sustain cooperation, and religion may play an …

which the United States eliminated corruption. This paper examines the concept of corruption in American history; tracing … the term corruption to its roots in British political philosophy of the 17th and 18th century, and from there back to … Machiavelli, Polybius and Artistole. Corruption was defined prior to 1850 in a way that was significantly different from how it …

that accelerated even more up to 1950-1975. What explains the spread of the industrial revolution world-wide and this … to have taken resource advantages away from the European and North American leaders, and integrating world financial …

-slump macroeconomic cycles. During both crises, world trade collapsed faster than world incomes and the trade decline was highly … trade costs hitting international supply chains. So far, the global economy has avoided the global trade wars and banking … collapses of the Depression perhaps due to improved policy. Even so, the global economy remains susceptible to large shocks due …

trade reinforced each other before 1930, but that these effects did not persist after the Second World War. Financial … after 1945. We attribute the rising importance of trade in explaining growth to major post-World War II changes in tariffs …