the industry and commuting-zone levels, and then estimates the impact of the `China shock' on each job-flow type. The … China shock is accounted for by either the increase in Chinese import penetration in the U.S., or by the U.S. policy change … that granted Permanent Normal Trade Relations (PNTR) status to China. We find that the China shock affects U.S. employment …

. Exploiting the exogenous component of rising trade with China and classifying legislator ideologies by congressional voting …