views within the energy innovation policy literature. In general, this literature has suggested that greatly increasing … rates of energy innovation requires creating significant demand for low carbon technologies, substantially increased federal … private sector investment in innovation. Each history also confirms the centrality of publicly funded research to the …

an induced innovation externality. This alternative mechanism, by contrast, causes people to devote an inefficiently high … level of self-protection. As an empirical example of this externality, we analyze the innovation induced by the obesity … epidemic. Obesity is associated with an increase in the incidence of many diseases. The induced innovation hypothesis is that …

impact by serving as a new general-purpose “method of invention” that can reshape the nature of the innovation process and … recent developments in “deep learning” to serve as a general-purpose method of invention, finding strong evidence of a “shift …” in the importance of application-oriented learning research since 2009. We suggest that this is likely to lead to a …

opportunities. The paper also provides new evidence on induced pharmaceutical innovation. In both cases we use the change in the … demographic structure of the market (measured by age structure and obesity prevalence) to test the induced innovation hypothesis … pharmaceutical innovation responds to aging- and obesity-induced changes in potential market size …