This paper investigates changes in the output and productivity of research and development activities in Japanese …&D productivity at the firm-level suggest that there has been a slowdown in the growth of Japanese research productivity in the 1990s …

measure the impact of participation on the ex-post research productivity of the firm. We are able to find evidence that … frequent participation in these consortia has a positive impact on research expenditure and research productivity. These … firms' research productivity. Furthermore, we find evidence that part of this impact arises from the increased knowledge …