technological environment during the pre-industrial era had generated only temporary gains in income per capita, eventually leading …

We study the effect of birth weight on long-run outcomes, including permanent income, income across various stages of … spanning nearly entire life time lab or market histories. We find that birth weight positively affects permanent income and … income across large parts of the life cycle, although there is some evidence of a fade out after age 50. Our results indicate …

intensive industrialization in the middle of the 19th century increased income per capita in the subsequent decades but …

development in the agricultural stage but has had a negative impact on income per capita in the course of industrialization; and …