Using birth certificates matched to schooling records for Florida children born 1992–2002, we assess whether family … gap in neonatal health. We conclude that the gender gap among black children is larger than among white children in … substantial part because black children are raised in more disadvantaged families …

Tracking programs have been criticized on the grounds that they harm disadvantaged children. The bulk of empirical … endogeneity of track placement and find no evidence that tracking hurts low-ability children. We also demonstrate that tracking … that low-ability children may be helped by tracking programs …