's innovation and export activities, using unique firm survey data which provides direct measures for innovations and firm … export and innovation activities to become substitutes although they are generally natural complements …

, vertical linkages with foreign firms, and international trade on several types of innovation by domestic firms. Using … and innovation and show that the supply chain of multinational enterprises and international trade are also important … channels. There is no evidence for an inverted U relationship between innovation and foreign competition. The relationship …