Cities target police patrols and public services to control crime. What are the direct and spillover effects of such …,919 streets to either 8 months of doubled police patrols, greater municipal services, both, or neither. We study how crime … responds to intensifying normal state presence in moderate- to high-crime streets, and what this implies about criminal …

Previous empirical studies have typically uncovered little evidence that police reduce crime. One problem with those … studies is a failure to adequately deal with the simultaneity between police and crime: while police may or may not reduce … crime, there is little doubt that expenditures on police forces are an increasing function of the crime rate. In this study …

between the racial composition of a city's police force and the racial patterns of arrests and crime. Increases in the number … police officers has a less clear-cut impact on crime rates. It appears that own-race policing may be more effective in … reducing property crime, but no systematic differences are observed for violent crime. These results are consistent either with …